DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DBMS AND RDBMS

Sl.#	DBMS	RDBMS
1	Introduced in 1960s.	Introduced in 1970s.
2	During introduction it followed the navigational modes (Navigational DBMS) for data storage and fetching.	This model uses relationship between tables using primary keys, foreign keys and indexes.
3	Data fetching is slower for complex and large amount of data.	Comparatively faster because of its relational model.
4	Used for applications using small amount of data.	Used for complex and large amount of data.
5	Data Redundancy is common in this model	Keys and indexes are used in the tables to avoid redundancy.
6	Example systems are dBase, Microsoft Acces.	Example systems are SQL Server,Oracle.

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IP ADDRESS CLASSES

IP address classes Class 1 st Octet Decimal Range 1 st Octet High Order Bits Network/Host ID (N=Network, H=Host) Default Subnet Mask Number of Networks Hosts per Network (Usable Addresses) A 1 – 126* 0 N.H.H.H 255.0.0.0 126 (2 7 – 2) 16,777,214 (2 24 – 2) B 128 – 191 10 N.N.H.H 255.255.0.0 16,382 (2 14 – 2) 65,534 (2 16 – 2) C 192 – 223 110 N.N.N.H 255.255.255.0 2,097,150 (2 21 – 2) 254 (2 8 – 2) D 224 – 239 1110 Reserved for Multicasting E 240 – 254 1111 Experimental; used for research Note: Class A addresses 127.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255 cannot be used and is reserved for loopback and diagnostic functions. Private IP Addresses Class Private Networks Subnet Mask Addr...

UNIX/LINUX COMMAND

Unix / Linux Command cat --- for creating and displaying short files chmod --- change permissions cd --- change directory cp --- for copying files date --- display date echo --- echo argument ftp --- connect to a remote machine to download or upload files grep --- search file head --- display first part of file ls --- see what files you have lpr --- standard print command (see also print ) more --- use to read files mkdir --- create directory mv --- for moving and renaming files ncftp --- especially good for downloading files via anonymous ftp . print --- custom print command (see also lpr ) pwd --- find out what directory you are in rm --- remove a file rmdir --- remove directory rsh --- remote shell setenv --- set an environment variable sort --- sort file tail --- display last part of file ta...

COMPARISON AMONG OS:

Operating systems are generally not hardware dependent, but the hardware configurations required to use them can vary. Based on their features, these operating systems can be compared in the following ways: MS-DOS Microsoft Windows UNIX and Sun Solaris Linux Novell NetWare Apple Macintosh MS-DOS The MS-DOS operating system is a Microsoft product designed for IBM-compatible computers. The first version of DOS, MS-DOS v1.0 released in 1981, was a simplistic version of the operating system. From then onwards, various updated and sophisticated versions of DOS have been released. MS-DOS is a popular CUI-based operating system. FEATURES: It is a 16-bit operating system, which means that it can send or receive 16 bits of information to the microprocessor for processing 16 bits of data. It is a single-user and single-tasking operating system. It is easy to load and install. DISADVANTAGES: It is a command-line operating system, which means that you have to enter singl...

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